![]() International Organisation for Standardization (2006a) ISO 14040:2006 life cycle assessment - principles and framework. Hammett RJH, Harris RD (2002) Halting the growth in diagnostic testing. ![]() Proc 2011 Ieee Int Symposium Sustain Syst Technology 1–1. Įsmaeili MA, Twomey J, Yildirim B, et al (2011) Environmental impacts of healthcare services: delivery of X-ray services. ![]() Įsmaeili A, Twomey JM, Overcash MR et al (2015) Scope for energy improvement for hospital imaging services in the USA. Įsmaeili A, McGuire C, Overcash M et al (2018) Environmental impact reduction as a new dimension for quality measurement of healthcare services. Įckelman MJ, Sherman JD, MacNeill AJ (2018) Life cycle environmental emissions and health damages from the Canadian healthcare system: an economic-environmental-epidemiological analysis. health care system and effects on public health. Įckelman MJ, Sherman J (2016) Environmental impacts of the U.S. Įckelman M, Mosher M, Gonzalez A, Sherman J (2012) Comparative life cycle assessment of disposable and reusable laryngeal mask airways. Final Rule 79:7289–7316ĭuddy C, Wong G (2018) Explaining variations in test ordering in primary care: protocol for a realist review. Lancet 373:1693–1733ĭepartment of Health and Human Services Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (2014) CLIA Program and HIPAA Privacy Rule patients’ access to test reports. Accessed Ĭostello A et al (2009) Managing the health effects of climate change. Ĭarbon Footprint (2019) Country specific electricity grid greenhouse gas emission factors. Ĭampion N, Thiel CL, DeBlois J, Woods NC, Landis AE, Bilec MM (2012) Life cycle assessment perspectives on delivering an infant in the US. Accessed 04 Dec 2020īerte LM, Nevalainen DE (1998) Management: the laboratory’s role in assessing patient outcomes. Accessed Īustralian Life Cycle Assessment Society (2016) The Australian Life Cycle Inventory Database initiative. Accessed Īustralian Government Department of the Environment and Energy (2019) National Greenhouse Accounts Factors. ![]() Who works in pathology and what do they do?. Accessed Īustralian Government Department of Health (2013) Pathology - the facts. Increasing laboratory utilisation (efficiency) will additionally reduce environmental impacts per test.Īn Independent Review for the Department of Health (2006) Report of the Review of NHS Pathology Services in England. Not all testing, however, is necessary, and reducing this unnecessary testing will reduce environmental and economic impacts and potential adverse health outcomes. Globally, tens of billions of pathology tests are performed annually, with each individual test having a low environmental impact. Urinalysis had additional impacts due to test consumables (agar plate), and compressed air required for the automated analyser and incubator. For the majority of the tests, the major source of impacts was the collection tubes and jars, and the electricity use of the analysers. Expressed in DALYs, blood tests ranged from impacts range from 0.146 ♝ALYs through to 0.383 ♝ALYs, whilst urinalysis was 0.701 ♝ALYs. Results and discussionsįocussing on climate change, the impact of a single blood test given in a hospital ranges from 74 g CO 2e through to 274 g CO 2e, whilst for a urinalysis in a hospital the impact is greater at 538 g CO 2e. We focused on midpoint indicators that damage human health, as well as reporting in disability adjusted life years (DALYs). Impact assessment was performed using the ReCiPe 2016 V1.02 (H). The data were modelled using SimaPro® software, version 9.0.0.27, using the Australian National Life Cycle Inventory Database (AusLCI) for Australian specific data, and from Ecoinvent 3.5® for all other data. The study has been performed in accordance with ISO 14,040 and ISO 14,044. The study is a cradle-to-grave assessment of pathology testing, from raw material acquisition for collection equipment and reagents, the collection of the sample from the patient, sample transport to the pathology lab and its subsequent analysis, and the disposal of clinical waste. The aim of this study is to develop an LCA of six commonly used pathology tests in hospitals in Australia, as testing is ubiquitous within healthcare. There is increasing interest within the healthcare sector about the environmental impacts associated with the provision of health services, with the sector being responsible for approximately 4.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
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